PGTRB, TET, ENTERENCE EXAMS- MAJOR STAGE IN RESEARCH.
Introduction:
Research may be defined as an investigation undertaken in order to discover new facts, and additional information.
- The application of the scientific method to the study of a problem.
- Research is directed towards the solution of a problem.
- The goal is to discover cause and effect relationship between the variables.
- It is based on observable experience or empirical evidence.
- It demands accurate observation and description.
- It require expertise.
- It is objective and logical.
- It is guess for discovering the answer for unsolved problems.
- The finding should be reported clearly and concisely and it should be verifiable.
MAJOR STAGES IN RESEARCH:
Research is a scientific method or investigation which involves a number of concrete steps.
1)Formulating the Research Problem:
The research should begin with a statement of problem. The research identify and select a research problem.
The formulation of a general topic into a specific research problem is the first step in any scientific enquiry.
2)Literature Survey:
The extensive survey about the related literature should be done.
i)to avoid duplication of work.
ii)to avoid waste of time
iii)to provide a background about the problem to the researcher.
3) Development of Hypothesis:
After the literature survey, a research should clearly state the hypotheses of his study; A research hypothesis is a tentative answer to the problem. It is guess based on the prior studies and previous experience of the researcher. It should be formulated before the date are gathered.
a) self-explanatory
b)testable.
c)consistent with the existing body of knowledge.
d)stated as simply and concisely as possible.
4)Preparing the Research Design|:
The function of a research design is to provide a plan for the collection of relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time, and money.
research design is of four types:
i)Exploration
ii)Description
iii)Diagnosis
iv)Experimentation.
5)Methodology/Strategy:
This indicates the method in which the experimenter is going to conduct the research.
a)Sample:
The population from the sample for the study to be determined has to be defined.
This method of sampling to be used to select the sample for the study should be clear.
b)collection of data:
The collection of appropriate data for any research problem is very essential.
Primary data can be collected through experiments.
In the case of survey the data can be collected by observation, through personal interviews, through telephone interviews.
c)Analysis of data:
After the collection, the data should be tabulated and analysed.
The suitable statistical techniques may be planned well in advance.
The collected the data with the help of various statistical measures.
d)Hypothesis testing:
After the analysis of data the hypothesis should be tested using various test, correlation.
e) Generalisation and Interpretation:
generalisation:
The hypothesis is tested several times, it may be possible for then researcher to derive generalisation.
interpretation:
The research has no hypothesis to start with, the researcher has to explain his finding on the basis of some theory and it is called interpretation.
6)Preparation of Research Report:
The researcher has to prepare the report .
a)Introduction
b)Summary of finding
c)main report
d)conclusion
The end of the report the bibliography and appendices if any should be provided.
In any scientific investigation the above stages should be clearly planned so that we conduct the research in a systematic manner.